■r9S 



F 47S 
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Copy 1 OUTLINE STUDIES 



IN THE 



HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST 



PREPARED BY 



FREDERICK J. TURNER, A.M. 

PlBLISHED FOR THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF UNITY ClUBS 



CHICAGO 
CHARLES H. KERR & COMPANY 

1888 



F 476 
.T95 
Copy 1 



INTRODUCTION. 



These Outline Studies in the History of the Northwest 
cover three regions: — the triangle bounded by the Great 
Lakes, the Ohio, and the Mississippi ; the Valley of the Mis- 
souri; and the Valley of the Columbia; — in other words, the 
Northwest Territory; the Louisiana Purchase north of the 
Missouri Compromise line; and the Oregon Territory, To 
these is added a group of topics on x\laska. The studies will 
serve as a guide to individual reading, but are especially de- 
signed for a club, and are arranged for fifteen meetings. A 
director should be chosen to assign topics to individual mem- 
bers, to modify the program to suit the peculiar conditions 
of the club, and to point out the relations between the topics. 
Every member of the club should prepare the subject for the 
evening in some general history. As a convenient popular 
guide Drake's Making of the Great West may be used, with 
the caution that it is not free from errors in matters of de- 
tail. The following works constitute a course of reading on 
the entire subject: Hinsdale's Old Northwest, Barrows' Ore- 
gon, Carr's Missouri, Spring's Kansas, Smalley's History of 
the Northern Pacific Railroad, and Elliott's Our Arctic Prov- 
ince. The three members to whom the topics for the evening 
have been assigned are expected to prepare them as thor- 
oughly as possible, and present only leading facts in an oral 
or written discussion ten or fifteen minutes long. In the 
preparation of the topic the student should first consult some 
standard history of the United States, such as Bancroft, Hil- 
dreth, Bryant and Gay, McMasters, or Schouler. Having a 
proper idea of the bearings of his subject, he may then, by 



4 HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. 

means of the general references, present it especially from the 
point of view of the Northwest. For example, in treating 
the French and Indian war, only the barest statement of its 
general course need be given, the consideration being directed 
to the interests which the Northwest had at stake, and to 
her contributions to the military history. For the purpose of 
calling attention to some points likely to be overlooked, and 
to particularly serviceable works, as well as for the purpose 
of indicating the scope of the topic, special citations are 
given under each topic. The works cited in the general ref- 
erences contain lists of authorities which, t05:ether with the 
bibliographies referred to, will enable the student to study 
each topic with thoroughness. 



THE NOKTHWEST. 

1. The Land and the Aborigines. 

a. Physical Geography, h. Imaginary Geogra- 
phy, c. Antiquities and Location of Indian Na- 
tions. 

2. French Exploration. 

a. Along the Great Lakes, h. Along the Missis- 
sippi, c. For the Sea of the West. 

3. French Occupation. 

a. Location of Settlements, h. Fur Trade, c. 
French Regime. 

4. French and Indian Wars. 

a. Frontenac's War. b. French and Indian 
War. c, Pontiac's War. 

5. English and Spanish Dominance. 

a. Colonial Land Claims, b. Spanish Rule. c. 
English Western Policy. 

6. The Northwest in the Revolution. 

a. George Rogers Clark. b. Spanish March 
Across Illinois, c Di})lomatic Struggle. 

7. The Ordinance of 1787. 

a. Land Cessions, b. History and Distinctive 
Features of the Ordinance, c. Organization and 
Colonization of the Northwest Territorv. 



6 history of the northwest. 

8. The Northwest Territory. 

a. Indian Wars and Jay's Treaty, h. Tecumseh 
and the War of 1812. c. Division into States. 

9. The Louisiana Purchase. 

a. The Purchase, b. Lewis and Clarke's Expe- 
tion. c. Organization. 

10. Slavery in the Northwest. 

a. Slavery in the Northwest Territory, h. Mis- 
souri Compromise, c. Kansas-Nebraska Struggle. 

11. The Exploration and Occupation of the North- 

west Coast. 
a. Maritime Explorations, h. British Fur Com- 
. panies' Explorations, c. Astoria. 

12. The Struggle for Oregon. 

a. Rival Traders, h. Marcus Whitman and John 
C. Fremont, c. History of the Oregon Treaty. 

13. The Great American Desert. 

a. Origin of the Idea. h. Indian Wars. c. 
Northern Pacific Railroad. 

14. The Alaska Purchase 

a. Explorations. h. The Purchase. c. Re- 
sources. 

15. The Northwest of To -day. 

a. A Century of Progress in the Old Northwest. 
b. The New Northwest, c. Effect of the North- 
west on the United States. 



HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. 



GENEEAL EEFERENCES. 

The Narrative and Critical History of America, ed- 
ited by Justin Winsor. 

Parkman's Works: The Pioneers of France in the 
New World. The Jesuits in North America. La 
Salle and the Discovery of the Great West. The Old 
Regime in Canada. Count Frontenac and New 
France. Montcalm and Wolfe. The Conspiracy of 
Pontiac. The Oregon Trail. 

H. H. Bancroft's Works: History of the Northwest 
Coast. History of Oregon. History of Alaska. 

The Commonwealth Series: Barrows' Oregon. 
Carr's Missouri. Cooley's Michigan. Spring's Kansas. 
King's Ohio. 

Monette's History of the Valley of the Mississippi. 

Hinsdale's Old Northwest. 
Smalley's History of the Northern Pacific Railroad. 

Elliott's Our Arctic Province. 

Bibliographies: Besides the authorities cited in 
the works above, consult The Library Journal, XIII 
(1888), pp. 210-11. Monthly Reference Lists, III 
(1883), pp. 41-2. Poole's Index. Q. P. Index. Co- 
operative Index. 



8 HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. 

TOPICAL REFERENCES.* 

1. a. N. and C, IV.,. Int. and p. 224. O. N., ch. i. 
N. W., I., pp. 404-411, 616-648. 

b. N. and C, II., III., IV., index s. v. "Anian." 
N. W., L, pp. 1-10, 82-6U. 

c. B. and G., I. chs. i, ii. Bancroft's Native Races, 
I. ch. i; IV., chs. xii, xiii. Short's North Am. Indians 
of Antiquity, chs. i, ii, xi, and p. 253. P. Pontiac, I., 
ch. i. Drake's Indians of North Am. Ridpath's Pop. 
Hist. U. S., ch. i. (map). 

2. a. N. and C, IV., ch. V. Butterfield's Disc, of 
the Northwest in 1634 by Jean Nicolet. 

b. P. La Salle and the Discovery of the Great West. 
Radisson's Voyages (Prince Soc. I*ubs.), p. 7. Wis. 
Hist. Coll., XL, pp. 64-71. Mag. of West. Hist, 
vol. 5, pp. 60, 438, 721-724. N. and C, IV., pp. 
245-246. Shea's Disc, of the Miss. 

c. Atl. Monthly, June, 1888, p. 783. Mag. of 
W^est. Hist., vol. 7, p. 24. N. W., pp. 503-598. 

3. a. O. N., ch. iv. Cooley's Michigan, pp. 
10-20. Mag. of Am. Hist., vol. 6, pp. 161-165. 
Scharf's St. Louis, I., pp. 49-55. Monette's Hist. 
Valley Miss., L, ch. iii. Carr's Missouri, ch. ii. P. 

*In the abbreviations N. and C. stands for Narrative and Critical His- 
tory of America; N. W., for H. II. Bancroft's History of the Northwest 
Coast; O. N., for Hinsdale's Old Northwest; B. and G., Bryant and Gay; 
P., Parkman; B., George Bancroft. Other abbreviations will be easily 
understood. 



HISTORY OF TH^ NORTHWEST. 



9 



Pontiac, pp. 1 (map), 245 (map) et srq. B. andG., II., 
pp. 524-552. 

b, P. Old Regime, pp. 808-380. P. Pontiac, I., 
pp. 05-80. Hunt's Merch. Mag. III., p. 185. N. W., 
I., pp. 389-399, 416-419. Butler's First French 
Footprints (Trans. Wis. Acad., Y.). 

c. Monette's Hist. Valley Miss.. I., ch. iv. Breese's 
Early Illinois, pp. 141-232. Hiibbard's Memorials of 
a Half-Century, pp. 109-154. 

4. a. P. Frontenac. N. and C, IV., pp. 189-196, 
324 et seq. 

b. N. and C, V., cb. viii. P. Montcalm and Wolfe 
(consult index s. r. '' Langlade"). Harpers Monthly, 
vol. 65, p. 99; vol. 70, p. 588. Mag. West. Hist. vol. 
7, p. 7 et seq. Minnesota Hist. Coll., V., pp. 433-438. 
Wisconsin Hist. Coll., VIL, p. 128. 

c. P. Pontiac. N. and C, VL, pp. 688-700. 

5. a. Atl. Monthly, vol. 58, pp. 648-649. O. X., 
ch. xi. Johns Hopkins Univ. Studies, III. no. 1, pp. 
9-22. 

b. Carr s Missouri, pp. 80-62. Scharf's St. Louis, 
I., pp. 61-76, 202-201. 

c. X. and C, VI., pp. 685-688. O. X., ch. viii. 
B. Hist. U. S. (1885)ch. vi. Mag. West. Hist. vol. 
7, p. 684. 

6. a. X. aud C, VL, pp. 715-<48. B. Hist. V. S. 
(1885) v., pp. 809-816. O. X., ch. ix. 



10 HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. 

b. Mag. Am. Hist., vol. 15, p. 457. O. N., pp. 
173-174. 

c. O. N., ch. X. Mag. Am. Hist., vo). 13, p. 33. 
B. Hist. U. S. (1885) v., pp. 300-309, 545-580. Jay^s 
Address before N. Y. Hist. Society, 1883. 

7. a. O. N., pp. 203-254. Adams in Johns Hop- 
kins Univ. Studies on Maryland's Influence on the 
Western Land Cessions. Mag. Am. Hist. March, 
1888, p. 200. The Dial, April, 1888. 

b. Fiske in Atl. Monthly, vol. 58, p. 648. O. N., 
pp. 255-263. Cutlers' Life of Rev. Manasseh Cutler, 
LL.D. Poole in N. Am. Rev., April, 1876, p. 229. 
Pickering's Life of Timothy Pickering, I., pp. 457, 
546. B. Hist. U. S. (1885) VL, pp. 115-119, 125- 
136, 277 et seq. Donaldson's The Public Domain. 

c. O. N., chs. xvi., xix., McMasters' Hist, of the 
People of the U. S., I., pp. 148-149, 505-518, II., pp. 
144-156. St. Clair Papers. Ridpath's Pioneer Hist. 
Ohio. Burnet's Notes on the Early Settlement of the 
Northwest Ty. King's Ohio. 

8. a. Schouler's Hi>t. V. S., L, pp. 152-155, 191- 
197, 208-283, 291, 311-314. Johnston's Am. Orations, 
I, p. 64. Hildreth's Hist. U. S., V. See also 7 c. 

b. Schouler's Hist. U. S., 11, pp. 331-335,357- 
362, 382-383, 433. Blanchard's Disc, and Conq. of 
the Northwest, pp. 237-313. Wis. Hist. Coll., XI. 



HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. 11 

pp. 247-255. Lossing's Pictorial Field Book of the 
War of 1812. Hildreth's V. S., VI. 

c. O. N., ch. xvii. Thwaites in Mag. West. Hist. 
1887, Sept , Oct., and with maps, in Wis. Hist. Colls., 
XI, p. 451. 

9. a. Carr's Missouri, ch. iv. Schouler's Hist- 
U. S., XL, pp. 36-52. McMaster's Hist. People IT. S., 
I., pp. 371-383, 519-524, XL, pp. 287-289. Morse's 
Jefferson. Oilman's Monroe. Johnston's Am. Ora- 
tions, I., p. 145. Blaine's Twenty Years in Congress 
I., pp. 1-14. 

b. Smalley's Hist. Northern Pacific Railroad, ch. 
iii. N. W., IX., chs. i-iii. Allen's Lewis and Clarke. 

c. Carr's Missouri, chs. v., vi. Schouler's Hist. 
U. S., XL, pp. 72-76. Hildreth's U. S , V., pp. 495-498. 

10. a. O. N., ch. xviii. 

b. Cent. Mag., vol. 33, p. 685. Carr's Missouri, 
pp. 24, 27, 46, 139-163. 

~c. Cent. Mag., vol. 33, p. 856; vol. 34, p. 82. 
Spring's Kansas. Carr's Missouri. Sanborn's Life 
of John Brown. 

11. a. N. W., L, pp. 136-203. Barrows' Oregon. 

b. Barrows' Oregon, pp. 29, 33-47. N. W., I, chs. 
xiii-xv., xviii., xxi. ; II., chs. iv., v. Mackenzie's 
Travels. 

c. Mag. Am. Hist., vol. 13, p. 269. Irving' s As 
toria. N. W., I., pp. 499-521; IL, chs. vii-x. 



12 



HISTOEY OF THE NORTHWEST. 



12. a. Barrows' Oregon, chs. x-xii. 

b. Barrows' Oregon. Ely Memorial Volume. Fre- 
mont's Memoirs. 

c. Mag. Am. Hist., vol. 16, p. 333. Blaine's 
Twenty Years in Congress, I., pp. 48-56. 

13. a. Barrows' The U. S. of Yesterday and of 
To-Morrow, cb. vi. Expeditions, etc., of Lieut. Z. M. 
Pike. Long's Expedition. 

b. Dunn's Massacres of the Mountains. Neill's 
Minnesota. 

c. Smalley's Hist. Northern Pacific Railroad. 

14. Elliott's Our Arctic Province. Bancroft's 
Alaska. 

15. a. O. N., ch. XX. Scribner's Mag., 1888, 
April, p. 408, May, p. 589. Barrows' U. S. of Yester- 
day and of To-Morrow, ch. v. 

b. Hist. Northern Pacific Railroad. Barrows' 
Oregon, ch. xxxii. Cent. Mag., vol. 24, " The New 
Northwest," vol. 35, " Ranch Life." Commerce and 
Navigation of the United States, 1885, Internal Com- 
merce, Part 2. The U. S. of Yesterday and of To- 
Morrow, pp. 133-168,314-354. North Am. Rev. ,vol. 
142, pp. 52, 246. Current Magazines. 

c. O. N, pp. 405-427. Papers of Am. Hist. Ass. 
L, no. 4. 



THE EVOLUTION OF IMMORTALITY. 

BY C. T. STOCKWELL. 

Dr. Stockwell's essay, issued in a pleasing volume, has for its 
sub-title " Suggestions of an Individual Immortality, based upon 
our organic and life history." He discusses, in a way which we 
have found singularly thoughtful and suggestive, the analogies for 
a future life to be derived from the organic origin of the individual 
human being. With the utmost good taste he has drawn out the 
striking analogical arguments to show that a future material ex- 
istence is no more difficult to conceive than the present one, of which 
we know the wonderful physical conditions and antecedents. There 
is a refreshing spiritual temper in this essay from a physician. He 
regards the universe as " the materialization of a thought of God," 
and sees the difficulties presented by the problem of individual im- 
mortality relieved by the coming in of just such higher forces as 
have developed the human individual and the human race thus far, 
in their undoubted history. Without entering into the details of 
Dr. Stockwell's argument we commend his essay to thinking people 
as one of the most suggestive and best developed essays on personal 
immortality which later years have produced. — Literary World. 



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Freedom and Fellowship in Religion. 



A Collection of Essays and Addresses, with an Introduc- 
tion by O. B. Frothingham, on the 
Religious Outlook. 

CONTENTS. 

The Nature of Religion. By David A. AVasson, 

The Unity and Universality of the Religious Ideas. By Samuel 
Longfellow. 

Freedom in Religion. By Samuel Johnson. 

Religion and Science. By John Weiss. 

Christianity and its Definitions. By William J. Potter. 

The Genius of Christianity and Free Religion. By Francis 
Ellinc^wood Abbot. 

The Soul of Protestantism. By O. B. Frothingham. 

Liberty and the Church in America. By John W. Chadwick. 

The Word Philanthropy. By Thomas Wentworth Higginson. 

Religion as Social Force. By Ednah D. Cheney. 

Voices from the Free Platform. Extracts from addresses by Ralph 
Waldo Emerson, O. B. Frothingham, Charles H. Mal- 
colm, Celia Burleigh, D. A. Wasson, Samuel LoNGFELLO^v, 
C. D. B. Mills, Francis E. Abbot, Rabbi Isaac M. Wise, 
Julia Ward Howe, C. A. Bartol, Robert Dale Owen, 
William C. Gannett, T. W. Higginson, John Weiss, Lucy 
Stone, A. Bronson Alcott, F. B. Sanborn, Wendell 
^^hillips, Horace Seaver and Lucretia Mott. 



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"SHOW US THE FATHER." 



Bt Minot J. Savage, Samuel R. Calthrop, Henry M. Simmons, John W. 
Chadwick, William C. Gannett, Jenkin Lloyd Jones. 

Christian Register:— 'Y'h.iB little Tolume of 170 pages is an excellent sum- 
mary of the best and most characteristic religious thought of our age. If any 
one were to ask the question, Why must we have new thought in religion? the 
opening chapter, "The Change of Front of the Universe," would show very 
plainly why the ancient faith must have restatement. Indeed, the old formulas 
are not true to the modern mind. Is faith possible, then? The same chapter is 
itself the utterance of a faith remarkably hearty and genuine. It rests on a basis 
of reason, and looks the facts of the world in the face. " But is not your faith," 
someone asks, "somewhat vague? Can it give us a real God to worship?'' To 
such questions, Mr. Calthrop's paper, quite memorable to all who first heard it in 
1886, at Saratoga, comes as a burst of eloquent conviction. Nothing is so real, 
loving, adorable, as this presence of God, throbbing in every inch of the uni- 
verse. All that science is for seems to be to bring this God more near. 

Mr. Simmons, in " The Divine Unity," impresses the same truth of the one 
divine Life present everywhere. He shows what Mr. Savage perhaps had not 
time to indicate,— that the best and highest thought has always been in this di- 
rection. The great seers, from the times of the Hebrew Scriptures, had said 
nearly the same things. They would have been quite at home with this later 
modem thought. What is it, then, to be a son of God? It is to stand by order 
and law; it is to be a peacemaker. For every one " who dwelleth in lore dwell- 
eth in God, and God in him." ^% 

It one now needs to raise the question what revelation this God of our mod- 
ern thought has made, Mr. Chadwick's chapter ought to give large and happy 
assurance: "There is nothing but revelation. The universe is full of visions 
and Toices." " Never has the revelation of God assumed such grand proportions 
or so grave a charm, such an awful splendor or such penetrating sweetness as at 
the present time. And it comes as one of old, not to destroy, but to fulfill." 
Neither does Mr. Chadwick shrink in easy optimism from confronting the dread 
problem of evil, which, indeed, he justly surmises could not but be in a world 
that has to learn the heights of moral good and love. 

The closing chapters— Mr. Gannetfs on " The Faith of Ethics" and Mr. 
Jones's on " Religion from the Near End "—fitly translate this new thought of 
religion into the terms and duties of practical life. How can one experience re- 
ligion? It used to be said by contemplation and fasting. Not so to-day. You 
shall experience religion and be assured of the presence of God by your common 
daily attitude and life. God shall manifest himself to you in the nearest duty to 
which you trust yoiirself , knowing only that it is right, "but not knowing the con- 
sequences. This committal of yourself to whatever is true and right is the 
essence of faith. It is the same faith that believes in a beneficence that guides 
the stars. Learn your lesson of faith, then, where you are, and you shall rise to 
all faith. If Mr. Jones seems to any almost to overstate this, he can plead ad- 
mirable authority in one who was wont to rouse men to see his meaning through 
parables and paradoxes. What makes the " near end '' sacred to Mr. Jones is his 
large faith in the universal life that binds small and great together. 

The six papers are a striking and significant illustration of what the New 
Faith tends to produce,— its fealessness, its utter sincerity, the absence of all 
special pleading, its poetry, its eloquence, its zeal and love for humanity. 

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THE SAILING OF KING OLAF 

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



AND OTHER POEMS J 



ALICE WILLIAMS BRO 



014 571 570 2 



The poem which gives the book its til 
the others, all short pieces, are not only musical but full of thought 
and delicious fancy. They . . . show an unfaltering trust in 
human goodness, and a faith in the ultimate righting of things that 
now perplex us. — Philadelphia Record. 

" The Sailing of King Olaf," the poem which gives the book its 
title, is a finely treated Norse legend, and the " Rose Songs " are very 
light and dainty, showing great delicacy of imagination and sportive 
play of fancy. — Ne^D Orleans Times- Democrat. 

There is no want of variety in these poems; in subject, treatment 
and metre a pleasing change is constantly made. There are some 
which satisfy us with a single reading, while others we re-read with 
pleasure, retaining a few in permanent friendship. — Providence Sun- 
day Telegram. 

A beautifully printed little volume. . . . We can commend 
it to all lovers of poetry for the fine quality of what it contains. 
— Boston Transcript. 

Mrs. Brotherton's reputation as a graceful writer has long since 
been established by her contributions to Century, Scribner, Harper, 
Lippincott and the Atlantic Monthly. . . . Hers is thought-poetry 
and not jingle. — New York Letter in Cincinnati Illustra'ed News. 



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